In this blog post I will give you a brief introduction into the Coupling Between Objects
metric, that is one of the metrics calculated by the static code analysis tool
PHP_Depend.
The Coupling Between Objects or CBO metric was originally
defined by Chidamber & Kemerer in their IEEE paper "A Metrics Suite
for Object Oriented Design" [1]. This
software metric represents the number of other types a class or interface is
coupled to. The CBO metric is calculated for classes and interfaces.
It counts the unique number of reference types that occur through method
calls, method parameters, return types, thrown exceptions and accessed
fields. But there is an exception for types that are either a subtype or
supertype of the given class, because these types are not included in the
calculated CBO value.
Excessive coupled classes prevent reuse of existing components and they are
damaging for a modular, encapsulated software design. To improve the
modularity of a software the inter coupling between different classes should
be kept to a minimum. Beside reusability a high coupling has a second
drawback, a class that is coupled to other classes is sensitive to changes in
that classes and as a result it becomes more difficult to maintain and gets
more error-prone. Additionally it is harder to test a heavly coupled class in
isolation and it is harder to understand such a class. Therefore you should
keep the number of dependencies at a minimum.
Thresholds
Based on their research Sahraoui, Godin and Miceli [2]
suggest a maximum CBO value of 14, because higher values
have negative impacts on several quality aspects of a class, which includes
the maintainability, stability and understandability.
See also
-
Efferent Coupling:
-
Efferent Coupling or CE is a different name for
the same metric, that is frequently used in the literatur.
-
Afferent Coupling:
-
The Afferent Coupling or CA is a metric that calculates the
reverse coupling of a class.
Bibliography
-
[1]
-
http://www.iiitd.ac.in/PhD2010/papers/SW_Paper2.pdf
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering; A Metrics Suite for Object
Oriented Design; Chidamber & Kemerer, 1994
-
[2]
-
http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~sahraouh/papers/ICSM00.pdf
Software Maintenance, 2000. Proceedings. International Conference; Can
metrics help to bridge the gap between the improvement of OO design
quality and its automation?; Sahraoui, Godin, Miceli; 2000
